I.
PENGERTIAN
KOPERASI
Penjelasan
UUD 1945 menyatakan bahwa bangunan usaha yang sesuai dengan kepribadian bangsa
indonesia adalah koperasi. Koperasi merupakan gerakan ekonomi rakyat yang
dijalankan berdasarkan asas kekeluargaan. inti dari koperasi adalah kerja sama,
yaitu kerja sama diantara anggota dan para pengurus dalam rangka mewujudkan
kesejahteraan anggota dan masyarakat serta membangun tatanan perekonomian
nasional. Sebagai gerakan ekonomi rakyat, koperasi bukan hanya milik orang kaya
melainkan juga milik oleh seluruh rakyat Indonesia tanpa terkecuali.
Berikut ini adalah landasan koperasi
Indonesia yang melandasi aktifitas koperasi di Indonesia.
- · Landasan Idiil ( pancasila )
- · Landasan Mental ( Setia kawan dan kesadaran diri sendiri )
- · Landasan Struktural dan gerak ( UUD 1945 Pasal 33 Ayat 1 )
Koperasi adalah juga gerakan yang
terorganisasi yang didorong oleh cita – cita rakyat mencapai masyarakat yang
maju, adil dan makmur seperti yang diamanatkan oleh UUD 1945 khususnya pasal 33
ayat (1) yang menyatakan bahwa :
“Perekonomian disusun sebagai usaha
bersama berdasar atas asas kekeluargaan”. Dan “bangun perusahaan yang sesuai
dengan itu ialah koperasi”. Karena dorongan cita – cita rakyat itu, undang –
undang tentang perkoperasian No. 25 Tahun 1992 menyatakan bahwa koperasi selain
badan usaha juga adalah gerakan ekonomi rakyat.
Beberapa definisi koperasi yang
didapatkan dari berbagai sumber, sebagai berikut :
a. Definisi Koperasi Menurut
ILO ( International Labour Organization )
Definisi koperasi
yang lebih detail dan berdampak internasional diberikan oleh ILO sebagai
berikut :
"Koperasi didefinisikan sebagai sebuah asosiasi orang biasanya berarti terbatas, yang telah secara sukarela bergabung bersama untuk mencapai akhir ekonomi umum menyeluruh pembentukan sebuah organisasi bisnis dikendalikan secara
demokratis, membuat kontribusi yang adil terhadap modal yang dibutuhkan dan menerima bagian yang adil dari risiko dan manfaat dari usaha ".
Dalam definisi ILO tersebut,
terdapat 6 elemen yang dikandung koperasi sebagai berikut :
- Koperasi adalah perkumpulan orang – orang ( Association of persons ).
- Penggabungan orang – orang tersebut berdasar kesukarelaan(Voluntarily joined together).
- Terdapat tujuan ekonomi yang ingin dicapai ( to achieve a common economic end ).
- Koperasi yang dibentuk adalah satu organisasi bisnis ( badan usaha ) yang diawasi dan dikendalikan secara demokratis ( formation of a democratically controlled business organization )
- Terdapat kontribusi yang adil terhadap modal yang dibutuhkan ( making equitable contribution to the capital required )
- Anggota koperasi menerima resiko dan manfaat secara seimbang ( Accepting a fair share of the risk and benefits of the undertaking)
b. Definisi Koperasi Menurut
Chaniago
Drs. Arifinal
Chaniago (1984) dalam bukunya Perkoperasian Indonesia memberikan definisi,
“Koperasi adalah suatu perkumpulan yang beranggotakan orang – orang atau badan
hukum yang memberikan kebebasan masuk dan keluar sebagai anggota dengan bekerja
sama secara kekeluargaan menjalankan usaha untuk mempertinggi kesejahteraan
jasmaniah para anggotanya”.
c. Definisi Koperasi Menurut Hatta
Menurut Hatta,
untuk disebut koperasi, sesuatu organisasi itu setidak – tidaknya harus
melaksanakan 4 asas. Asas – asas tersebut adalah :
1. Tidak Boleh dijual dan dikedaikan
barang – barang palsu
2. harga barang harus sama dengan
harga pasar setempat
3. Ukuran harus benar dan dijamin
4. Jual beli dengan Tunai. Kredit
dilarang karena menggerakan hati orang untuk membeli diluar kemampuannya.
d. Definisi Koperasi Menurut Munkner
Munkner
mendefinisikan koperasi sebagai organisasi tolong – menolong yang menjalankan
“urusniaga” secara kumpulan, yang berazaskan konsep tolong – menolong.
Aktivitas dalam urusniaga semata – mata bertujuan ekonomi, bukan social seperti
yang dikandung gotong – royong.
e. Definisi Koperasi Menurut Undang
– Undang No. 25 Tahun 1992
Undang – undang
No. 25 tahun 1992, memberikan definisi “Koperasi adalah badan usaha yang
beranggotakan orang – orang atau badan hukum koperasi yang melandaskan
kegiatannya berdasarkan prinsip koperasi sekaligus sebagai gerakan ekonomi
rakyat yang berdasar atas asas kekeluargaan”.
Berdasarkan batasan koperasi,
koperasi Indonesia mengandung 5 unsur sebagai berikut :
- · Koperasi adalah badan usaha ( Business Enterprise )
- · Koperasi adalah kumpulan orang – orang dan atau badan – badan hokum koperasi
- · Koperasi Indonesia adalah koperasi yang bekerja berdasarkan “prinsip – prinsip koperasi”
- · Koperasi Indonesia adalah “Gerakan Ekonomi Rakyat”.
- · Koperasi Indonesia “berazaskan kekeluargaan”
f. Definisi Koperasi Menurut Dr. Fay
Dr. Fay pada tahun 1908
memberikan definisi, “Koperasi adalah suatu perserikatan dngan tujuan berusaha
bersama yang terdiri atas mereka yang lemah dan diusahakan selalu dengan
semangat tidak memikirkan diri sendiri sedemikian rupa, sehingga masing –
masing sanggup menjalankan kewajibannya sebagai anggota dan mendapat imbalan
sebanding dengan kesempatan mereka terhadap organisasi”.
g.Definisi Koperasi Menurut Calvert
Calvert dalam
bukunya The Law and Principles Of Cooperation memberikan
definisi, “Koperasi adalah organisasi orang – orang yang hasratnya dilakukan
secara sukarela sebagai manusia atas dasar kesatuan untuk mencapai tujuan
masing – masing”.
h. Definisi Koperasi Menurut
ICA ( International Cooperation Allience )
ICA dalam bukunya
“The Cooperative Principles” karangan P.E. Weraman memberikan definisi sebagai
berikut, “ Koperasi adalah kumpulan orang – orang atau badan hokum yang
bertujuan untuk perbaikan social ekonomi anggotanya dengan memenuhi kebutuhan
anggotanya dengan jalan saling membantu antara satu dengan yang lainnya dengan
cara membatasi keuntungan, usaha tersebut harus didasarkan atas prinsip –
prinsip koperasi”.
i. Definisi Koperasi Menurut Prof.
Marvin, A. Schaars.
Prof.Marvin, A.
Schaars, seorang guru besar dari University Of Wisconsin, Madison USA, memberikan
definisi “A Coorperative is a business voluntary owned and controlled
by is member patrons, and operated for them and by them an a non profit or cost
basis”. Yang artinya, “Koperasi adalah suatu badan usaha yang secara
suka rela dimiliki dan dikendalikan oleh anggota yang adalah juga pelanggannya
dan dioperasikan oleh mereka dan untuk mereka atas dasar nirlaba atau atas
dasar biaya”.
j. Definisi Koperasi Menurut Undang
– undang Koperasi India
Undang – undang
Koperasi India tahun 1904 yang diperbaharui pada tahun 1912 memberikan
definisi, “Koperasi adalah organisasi masyarakat atau kumpulan orang – orang
yang bertujuan untuk meningkatkan pendapatan atau mengusahakan kebutuhan
ekonomi para anggotanya sesuai dengan prinsip – prinsip koperasi”.
II.
PRINSIP
– PRINSIP KOPERASI
Prinsip – prinsip koperasi adalah
garis –garis penuntun yang digunakan oleh koperasi untuk melaksanakan nilai –
nilai tersebut dalam praktik.
- Prinsip pertama : keanggotaan Sukarela dan Terbuka
Koperasi – koperasi adalah
perkumpulan – perkumpulan sukarela, terbuka bagi semua orang yang mampu
menggunakan jasa – jasa perkumpulan dan bersedia menerima tanggung jawab
keanggotaan, tanpa diskriminasi jender, social, rasial, politik atau agama.
- Prisip kedua : Pengendalian oleh Anggota Secara demokratis
Koperasi – koperasi adalah
perkumpulan – perkumpulan demokratis yang dikendalikan oleh para anggota secara
aktif berpartisipasi dalam penetapan kebijakan – kebijakan perkumpulan dan
mengambil keputusan – keputusan. Pria dan wanita mengabdi sebagai wakil –
wakil yang dipilih, bertanggung jawab kepada para anggota. Dalam koperasi
primer anggota – anggota mempunyai hak – hak suara yang sama ( satu anggota,
satu suara ), dan koperasi pada tingkatan – tingkatan lain juga di atur secara
demokratis.
- Prinsip ketiga : Partisipasi Ekonomi Anggota
Anggota – anggota menyumbang secara
adil dan mengendalikan secara demokrasi modal dari koperasi mereka. Sekurang –
kurangnya sebagian dari modal tersebut biasanya merupakan milik bersama dari
koperasi. Anggota – anggota biasanya menerima kompensasi yang terbatas,
bilamana ada, terhadap modal. Anggota – anggota membagi surplus – surplus untuk
sesuatu atau tujuan – tujuan sebagai berikut :
* Pengembangan koperasi – koperasi
mereka
* Kemungkinan dengan membentuk
cadangan sekurang – kurangnya sebagian padanya tidak dapat dibagi – bagi
* Pemberian manfaat kepada anggota –
anggota sebanding dengan transaksi – transaksi mereka dengan koperasi
* Mendukung kegiatan – kegiatan yang
disetujui oleh anggota
- Prinsip keempat : Otonomi Dan Kebebasan
Koperasi – koperasi bersifat otonom,
merupakan perkumpulan – perkumpulan yang menolong diri sendiri dan dikendalikan
oleh anggota – anggotanya. Koperasi – koperasi mengadakan kesepakatan
–kesepakatan dengan perkumpulan – perkumpulan lain, termasuk pemerintah,
atau memperoleh modal dari sumber – sumber luar, dan hal itu dilakukan dengan
persyaratan – persyaratan yang menjamin adanya pengendalian anggota – anggota
serta dipertahankannya ekonomi koperasi.
- Prinsip kelima : Pendidikan, Pelatihan, dan Informasi
Koperasi – koperasi menyelenggarakan
pendidikan dan pelatihan bagi anggota – anggotanya, para wakil yang dipilih,
manajer dan karyawan, sehingga mereka dapat memberikan sumbangan yang efektif
bagi perkembangan koperasi – koperasi mereka. Mereka memberi informasi kepada
masyarakat umum, khususnya orang – orang muda pemimpin – pemimpin opini
masyarakat mengenai sifat dan kemanfaatan – kemanfaatan kerjasama.
- Prinsip keenam : Kerjasama diantara Koperasi
Koperasi – koperasi akan dapat
memberikan pelayanan paling efektif kepada para anggota dan memperkuat gerakan
koperasi dengan cara bekerja sama melalui struktur – struktur local, nasional,
regional, dan internasional.
- Prinsip ketujuh : Kepedulian Terhadap Komunitas
Koperasi – koperasi bekerja bagi
pembangunan yang berkesinambungan dari komunikasi – komunitas mereka melalui
kebijakan – kebijakan yang disetujui oleh anggota – anggotanya.
Beberapa prinsip – prinsip koperasi
yang didapatkan dari berbagai sumber, sebagai berikut :
1) Prinsip menurut Munkner
Hans H. Munkner menyarikan 12
prinsip koperasi yang ditunkan dari 7 variabel gagasan umum sebagai berikut :
- 7 variabel gagasan umum :
- Menolong diri sendiri berdasarkan kesetiakawanan ( self-help based on solidarity )
- Demokrasi ( democracy )
- kekuatan modal tidak diutamakan ( neutaralited Capital )
- ekonomi ( Economy )
- Kebebasan ( Liberty )
- Keadilan ( Equity )
- Memajukan kehidupan social melalui pendidikan ( Social Advancement Through Education )
- 12 Prinsip koperasi :
- Keanggotaan bersifat sukarela (Valuntarily membership )
- Keanggotaan terbuka ( Open membership )
- Pengembangan anggota ( Member Promotion )
- Identitas sebagai pemilik dan pelanggan ( Identity of co-owners and customers )
- Manajemen dan pengawasan dilaksanakan secara demokratis (Democratic management and control)
- Koperasi sebagai kumpulan orang – orang ( Personal Cooperation)
- Modal yang berkaitan dengan aspek social tidak dibagi (Indivisible social capital)
- Efisiensi ekonomi dari perusahaan koperasi (Economic efficiency of the cooperative enterprise)
- Perkumpulan dengan sukarela ( Valuntarily association )
- Kebebasan dalam pengambilan keputusan dan penetapan tujuan (Autonomy in goal setting and the decision making)
- Pendistribusi yang adil dan merata akan hasil – hasil ekonomi (Fair and just distribution of economic result)
- Pendidikan anggota ( Member Education )
2) Prinsip
menurut Rochdale ( Equitable Pioner’s Rochdale )
Prinsip – prinsip koperasi rochdale menurut bentuk dan sifat aslinya :
- Pengawasan secara demokratis ( Democratic Control )
- Keanggotaan yang terbuka ( Open membership )
- Bunga atas modal dibatasi ( a fixed or limited interest on capital )
- Pembagian sisa hasil usaha ( SHU ) kepada anggota sebanding dengan jasa masing – masing anggota ( The distribution of surplus in dividend to the members in proportion to their purchases )
- Penjualan sepenuhnya dengan tunai ( Trading strictly on a cash basis )
- Barang – barang yang dijual harus asli dan tidak dipalsukan ( Selling only pure and unadulterated goods )
- Netral terhadap politik dan agama ( Political and religious neutrality )
Prinsip – prinsip koperasi Rochdale
ini selanjutnya merupakan landasan kerja koperasi :
- Pembelian barang secara tunai
- Harga jual sama dengan harga barang pasar setempat
- Mutu barang baik, timbangan dan ukurannya benar
- Pemberian bunga atas modal dibatasi
- Keuntungan dibagi berdasarkan banyaknya pembelian
- Sebagian keuntungan dipergunakan untuk cadangan dana pendidikan, dan dana social
- Keanggotaan terbuka untuk umum, netral terhadap agama dan politik
3) Prinsip
menurut Raiffeisen
Prinsip Raiffeisen adalah sebagai berikut :
- Swadaya
- Daerah kerja terbatas
- SHU untuk cadangan
- Tanggung jawab anggota tidak terbatas
- Pengurus bekerja atas dasar kesukarelaan
- Usaha hanya kepada anggota
- Keanggotaan atas dasar watak, bukan uang
Untuk itu Raiffeisen memupuk modal
dari para pemilik modal dengan bunga yang sangat rendah. Landasan dan cara
kerja yang ditempuh oleh F.W Raiffeisen adalah :
- Petani dibiasakan untuk menabung
- Adanya pengawasan terhadap pemakaian kredit
- Keanggotaan dibatasi agar antar anggota dapat saling mengenal dan dapat bekerja sama dengan baik
- Pengelolaan oleh anggota dan tidak mendapat upah
- keuntungan bersih menjadi milik bersama
Koperasi ini menjadi kredit union
dan Basnk Perkreditan Rakyat yang kemudian dikenal sebagai Bank Raiffeisen.
4) Prinsip
menurut Schulze
Untuk membentuk koperasi kredit atau Bank Tabungan Kredit adalah dengan cara :
- Membeli saham untuk menjadi anggota
- Mengumpulkan modal dari penyambung yang mau memberikan uangnya sebagai modal
- Membatasi pinjaman untuk jangka pendek
- Menetapkan wilayah kerja diperkotaan
- Menggaji para pengurus
- Membagi keuntungan kepada para anggota
Herman Schulze yang dikembangkan
didaerah pinggiran kota ( urban ). Inti prinsip Herman Schulze adalah sebagai
berikut :
- Swadaya
- SHU untuk cadanan dan untuk dibagikan kepada anggotanya
- Tanggung jawab anggota terbatas
- Pengurus bekerja dengan mendapatkan imbalan
- . Usaha tidak terbatas tidak hanya untuk anggota
5) Prinsip
menurut ICA ( International Cooperative Allience ) ICA ( International
Cooperative alliance ) yang didirikan pada tahun 1895 merupakan organisasi
gerakan koperasi yang tertinggi didunia.
Dalam BAB IV Undang – undang NO. 12
Tahun 1967 yang membahas asas dan sendi dasar koperasi, dimana dikatakan bahwa
asas koperasi adalah kekeluargaan dan kegotong – royongan, sedangkan dalam
sendi dasar koperasi di antaranya dimasukan keanggotaan yang sukarela,
pembagian sisa hasil usaha diatur menurut masing – masing anggota, pembatasan
bunga atas modal dan sebagainya, yang semua ini oleh ICA dikelompokkan sebagai
Cooperative Principles.
Sidang ICA pada tahun 1966
merumuskan prinsip – prinsip koperasi, dirinci sebagai berikut:
* Keanggotaan koperasi secara
terbuka tanpa adanya pembatasan yang dibuat – buat ( Open and voluntarily
membership )
* Kepimpinan yang demokrasi atas
dasar satu orang satu suara (Democratic control–one member one vote)
* Modal menerima bunag yang
terbatas, itupun bila ada ( Limited interest of capital )
* SHU dibagi tiga :
1) Sebagian untuk cadangan
2) Sebagian untuk masyarakat
3)
Sebagian untuk dibagikan kembali kepada anggota sesuai dengan jasa masing –
masing
* Semua koperasi harus melaksanakan
pendidikan secara terus menerus (Promotion of Education)
* Gerakan koperasi harus
melaksanakan kerja sama yang erat, baik di tingkat regional, nasional, maupu
internasional (Intercooperative network)
6. Prinsip
menurut M.M Coady
M.M Coady mengembangkan bentuk
koperasi dengan cara mengadakan pendidikan kepada orang yang telah dewasa.
Lembaga pendidikan formal yang membantu mengembangkan koprasi tersebut adalah
Coady International Institute di Kanada.
7. Prinsip – prinsip koperasi
Indonesia
* Menurut Undang
– undang No.12 Yahun 1967
Jika dilihat dari sejarah perundang
– undangan koperasi Indonesia, maka sejak Indonesia merdeka sudah ada empat
undang – undang menyangkut perkoperasian, yaitu :
1)
Undang – undang No. 79 Tahu 1958 tentang perkumpulan koperasi
2)
Undang – undang No. 14 Tahun 1965
3)
Undang – undang No. 12 Tahun 1967 tentang pokok- pokok perkoperasian
4)
Undang – undang No. 25 Tahun 1992 tentang perkoperasian
Prinsip – prinsip atau sendi – sendi
dasar koperasi menurut undang – undang No. 12 tahun 1967, adalah sebagai
berikut
- Sifat keanggotaannya sukarela dan terbuka untuk setiap warga Negara Indonesia
- Rapat Anggota merupakan kekuasaan tertinggi sebagai pencerminan demokrasi dalam koperasi
- Pembagian SHU diatur menurut jasa masing – masing anggota
- Adanya pembatasan bunga atas modal
- Mengembangkan kesejahteraan anggota khususnya dan masyarakat umumnya
- Usaha dan ketatalaksanaannya bersifat terbuka
- Swadaya, swakarta, dan swasembada sebagai pencerminan prinsip dasar percaya diri sendiri
* Menurut Undang – undang No. 25
Tahun 1992
Prinsip – prinsip menurut undang –
undang No. 25 tahun 1992 Pasal 5 dan yang berlaku saat ini di Indonesia
disebutkan prinsip koperasi adalah sebagai berikut :
1)
Keanggotaan bersifat sukarela dan terbuka
2)
Pengelolaan dilakukan secara demokratis
3)
Pembagian Sisa Hasil Usaha ( SHU ) dilakukan secara adil sebanding dengan
besarnya jasa usaha
masing – masing anggota (andil anggota tersebut dalam
koperasi)
4)
Pemberian balas jasa terhadap modal terbatas
5)
Kemandirian
6)
Pendidikan perkoperasian
7)
Kerjasama antar koperasi
III.
Unsur Koperasi
Indonesia:
1.
Koperasi
adalah Badan Usaha (Business Enterprise)
2.
Koperasi
adalah kumpulan orang-orang dan atau badan-badan hukum koperasi
3.
Koperasi
Indonesia koperasi yang bekerja berdasarkan “prinsip-prinsip koperasi”
4.
Koperasi
Indonesia adalah “Gerakan Ekonomi Rakyat”
5.
Koperasi
Indonesia “berazaskan kekeluargaan”
Sumber :
I.
DEFINITION
OF COOPERATION
Explanation of the 1945 Constitution states that the building business in accordance with the Indonesian national identity is cooperative. Cooperative is an economic movement that is run based on the principle of kinship. the core of the cooperative is collaboration, that is collaboration between the members and administrators in order to realize the welfare of the members and the community as well as build the national economy. As an economic movement, the cooperative is not only owned by the rich but also owned by the people of Indonesia without exception.
Here is a cooperative basis underlying the Indonesian cooperative activities in Indonesia.
Explanation of the 1945 Constitution states that the building business in accordance with the Indonesian national identity is cooperative. Cooperative is an economic movement that is run based on the principle of kinship. the core of the cooperative is collaboration, that is collaboration between the members and administrators in order to realize the welfare of the members and the community as well as build the national economy. As an economic movement, the cooperative is not only owned by the rich but also owned by the people of Indonesia without exception.
Here is a cooperative basis underlying the Indonesian cooperative activities in Indonesia.
·
idiil Foundation (Pancasila)
·
Mental Foundation (Faithful friend
and self awareness)
·
Structural Foundation and movement
(UUD 1945 Article 33 Paragraph 1)
Cooperatives
also
an organized
movement which
is
driven by
people's
desire to reach
an
advanced society, just and
prosperous
as
mandated by the
1945
Constitution, particularly Article
33
paragraph (1)
which
states
that:
"The
economy is structured as a
joint
venture based on principle of the
family". And
"woke
up in accordance with
the
company
that
is
co-operative".
Encouraged
by the ideals
of
the people, the law on
cooperatives
No..
25
of 1992 states that
in
addition to cooperative
enterprises
are
also
popular
economic movement.
Some
definitions
cooperative
earned
from
various
sources,
as
follows:
a. According to the definition Cooperative ILO (International Labour Organization)
Definition of cooperatives a more detailed and international impact is given by the ILO as follows:
a. According to the definition Cooperative ILO (International Labour Organization)
Definition of cooperatives a more detailed and international impact is given by the ILO as follows:
“Cooperative
defined as an association of persons usually of limited means, who have
voluntarily joined together to achieve a common economic end thorough the
formation of a democratically controlled business organization, making
equitable contribution to the capital required and accepting a fair share of
risk and benefits of undertaking”.
·
Cooperatives
are
associations
of
people (Association
of
persons).
·
incorporation of
such
persons based on
volunteerism
(voluntarily
joined
together).
·
There are
economic
objectives to be achieved
(to
Achieve
a
common
economic
end).
·
Cooperative
is
an
organization
established
businesses
(enterprises)
are
monitored
and
controlled
democratically
(formation
of
a
democratically
controlled
business
organization)
·
There is
a
fair contribution
to
the capital
required
(making
equitable
contribution
to the
capital
required)
·
The members
accept
the risks and
benefits
are
balanced
(Accepting
a fair
share
of
the risk
and
benefits of the
undertaking).
b. According to the definition Cooperative Chaniago
Drs. Arifinal Chaniago (1984) in his book Indonesian Cooperatives provide a definition, "Cooperative is an association made up of people - the person or legal entity that provides freedom in and out as members of the family work together to run the business to enhance the physical well-being of its members".
Drs. Arifinal Chaniago (1984) in his book Indonesian Cooperatives provide a definition, "Cooperative is an association made up of people - the person or legal entity that provides freedom in and out as members of the family work together to run the business to enhance the physical well-being of its members".
c. Definition of Cooperative According to Hatta
According to Hatta, to be called cooperatives,
something that organizations
must carry out at
least 4 principles. The principles are:
1. It may not be sold and mortgaged fake goods
2. price of the goods must be equal to the market price of the local
3. Size must be correct and guaranteed
4. Sale and purchase with cash. Credit banned for moving the hearts of people to buy outside of their ability.
1. It may not be sold and mortgaged fake goods
2. price of the goods must be equal to the market price of the local
3. Size must be correct and guaranteed
4. Sale and purchase with cash. Credit banned for moving the hearts of people to buy outside of their ability.
d. According to the definition Cooperative Munkner
Munkner
defines
a
cooperative as
a
mutual
help organization
run
"urusniaga"
is
set,
that
based on the concept of
mutual
help. Activity
in
urusniaga
aimed
solely
economic,
not
social
like
that
contained
mutual
cooperation.
e. According to the definition of the Cooperative Law No.. 25 of 1992
Law.
25,
1992,
gives
the
definition of "cooperative
is
a
business entity consisting of
persons or legal entities
which
bases
its
activities on the basis of
economic
cooperation
as well as
the
people's movement
is
based on the principle of the
family".
Based on the limitations of cooperatives, cooperative Indonesia contains 5 elements as follows:
Based on the limitations of cooperatives, cooperative Indonesia contains 5 elements as follows:
·
Cooperatives
are
business entities (Business
Enterprise)
·
Cooperative
is
a collection of persons
or
entities
and
cooperatives
law
·
Indonesian
Cooperative
is
a cooperative that works
based
on "principle
-
the
principle of cooperation"
·
Cooperative
Indonesia
is
the "People's
Economic
Movement".
·
Indonesian
Cooperatives
"based
on the principle of kinship"
f. According to Dr. definition Cooperative. Fay
Dr.. Fay in 1908 provides a definition, "Cooperative is an association with the aim of trying to collective consisting of those who are weak and labored with a zeal not always think of themselves such that each can fulfill their obligations as members and receive benefits comparable to those opportunities the organization ".
g.Definisi Cooperative According to Calvert
Calvert in his book The Law and Principles Of Cooperation provides a definition, "Cooperative is an organization of people who desire voluntary as humans on the basis of unity to achieve their respective goals."
Dr.. Fay in 1908 provides a definition, "Cooperative is an association with the aim of trying to collective consisting of those who are weak and labored with a zeal not always think of themselves such that each can fulfill their obligations as members and receive benefits comparable to those opportunities the organization ".
g.Definisi Cooperative According to Calvert
Calvert in his book The Law and Principles Of Cooperation provides a definition, "Cooperative is an organization of people who desire voluntary as humans on the basis of unity to achieve their respective goals."
h . According to the definition of Cooperatives ICA
( International Cooperation allience )
ICA in his book " The Cooperative Principles " by PE Weraman provides the following definition : " Cooperatives are a collection of people or a legal entity that aims to improve socio-economic needs of its members to meet with the members help each other with each other by way of limiting profits , the business should be based on the principles of co-operative " .
ICA in his book " The Cooperative Principles " by PE Weraman provides the following definition : " Cooperatives are a collection of people or a legal entity that aims to improve socio-economic needs of its members to meet with the members help each other with each other by way of limiting profits , the business should be based on the principles of co-operative " .
i . According to Prof. definition Cooperative .
Marvin , A. Schaars .
Prof.Marvin , A. Schaars , a professor from the University of Wisconsin , Madison USA , gives the definition of " A Coorperative is a voluntary business is owned and controlled by the member patrons , and operated for them and by them an a non- profit or cost basis " . Which means , " Cooperative is an entity that voluntarily owned and controlled by members who are also its customers and operated by them and for them on a nonprofit basis or on the basis of cost " .
Prof.Marvin , A. Schaars , a professor from the University of Wisconsin , Madison USA , gives the definition of " A Coorperative is a voluntary business is owned and controlled by the member patrons , and operated for them and by them an a non- profit or cost basis " . Which means , " Cooperative is an entity that voluntarily owned and controlled by members who are also its customers and operated by them and for them on a nonprofit basis or on the basis of cost " .
j. According to the definition Cooperatives Act Cooperatives India
Indian Cooperative Act 1904 which was renewed in 1912 provides a definition, "Cooperatives are community organization or group of people who aim to increase revenues or seeking economic needs of its members in accordance with cooperative principles".
Indian Cooperative Act 1904 which was renewed in 1912 provides a definition, "Cooperatives are community organization or group of people who aim to increase revenues or seeking economic needs of its members in accordance with cooperative principles".
II.
COOPERATIVE PRINCIPLES
The cooperative principles are guiding lines that are used by the cooperative to implement these values in practice.
· A. First
Principle:
Voluntary
and
Open
Membership
Cooperatives are voluntary associations, open to all who are able to use the services of clubs and are willing to accept responsibilities of membership, without gender, social, racial, political or religious.
Cooperatives are voluntary associations, open to all who are able to use the services of clubs and are willing to accept responsibilities of membership, without gender, social, racial, political or religious.
· B.
The second
Principle:
In
democratic
control
by
members
Cooperatives are democratic organizations controlled by the members actively participate in setting their policies and making decisions. Men and women serving as representatives chosen, accountable to the members. In primary cooperatives members have voting rights are equal (one member, one vote), and cooperatives at other levels are also arranged in a democratic manner.
Cooperatives are democratic organizations controlled by the members actively participate in setting their policies and making decisions. Men and women serving as representatives chosen, accountable to the members. In primary cooperatives members have voting rights are equal (one member, one vote), and cooperatives at other levels are also arranged in a democratic manner.
·
C. DThird Principle
: Member Economic Participation
Members contribute equitably and democratically control the capital of their cooperative . At least part of that capital is usually the common property of the cooperative . Members usually receive limited compensation , if any, on capital . Members allocate surpluses for any or all purposes as follows :
* Development of their cooperatives
* Possibility to establish reserves at least in part to her can not be divided
* Provision of benefits to members in proportion to their transactions with the cooperative
* Support the activities approved by the membership
Members contribute equitably and democratically control the capital of their cooperative . At least part of that capital is usually the common property of the cooperative . Members usually receive limited compensation , if any, on capital . Members allocate surpluses for any or all purposes as follows :
* Development of their cooperatives
* Possibility to establish reserves at least in part to her can not be divided
* Provision of benefits to members in proportion to their transactions with the cooperative
* Support the activities approved by the membership
·
D. Fourth Principle
: Autonomy and Freedom
Cooperatives are autonomous , are associations that help themselves and controlled by its members . Cooperatives hold agreements with other associations , including governments , or raise capital from external sources , they do so on terms that ensure democratic control members and maintain their co-operative economy .
Cooperatives are autonomous , are associations that help themselves and controlled by its members . Cooperatives hold agreements with other associations , including governments , or raise capital from external sources , they do so on terms that ensure democratic control members and maintain their co-operative economy .
·
E. Fifth Principle:
Education,
Training,
and
Information
Cooperatives provide education and training for its members, the elected representatives, managers and employees so they can contribute effectively to the development of their cooperatives. They provide information to the general public, especially young people opinion leaders about the nature and benefits of cooperation.
Cooperatives provide education and training for its members, the elected representatives, managers and employees so they can contribute effectively to the development of their cooperatives. They provide information to the general public, especially young people opinion leaders about the nature and benefits of cooperation.
·
F. Sixth
Principle:
Cooperation
among
Cooperatives
Cooperatives will be able to provide the most effective services to members and strengthen the cooperative movement by working together through local structures, national, regional, and international.
Cooperatives will be able to provide the most effective services to members and strengthen the cooperative movement by working together through local structures, national, regional, and international.
·
G. seventh
principle
: Community
Care
Cooperatives work for the sustainable development of their communities through communication-policies approved by their members.
Some co-operative principles are obtained from various sources, as follows:
Cooperatives work for the sustainable development of their communities through communication-policies approved by their members.
Some co-operative principles are obtained from various sources, as follows:
1.
Principle according Munkner
Hans H. Munkner extracted 12 ditunkan cooperative principle of the general idea of variable 7 as follows:
Hans H. Munkner extracted 12 ditunkan cooperative principle of the general idea of variable 7 as follows:
7 variable general idea:
1.
Self-help
based
on solidarity
(self-help
based
on
solidarity)
2.
Democracy
(democracy)
3.
capital strength
are
not prioritized (neutaralited
Capital)
4.
economy
(Economy)
5.
Freedom
(Liberty)
6.
Justice
(Equity)
7. Advancing
social
life
through
education
(Social
Advancement
Through
Education)
Cooperative Principle 12:
1.
Membership is voluntary
(Valuntarily
membership)
2.
Membership is open
(open
membership)
3.
Developing
member
(Member
Promotion)
4.
Identity
as
the owner and
customers
(Identity
of
the
co-owners
and customers)
5.
Management
and
supervision
of democratic
management (Democratic
management
and control)
6.
Cooperatives
as
a
collection of people (Personal
Cooperation)
7.
Capital
relating
to the social
aspects
are
not shared (indivisible
social
capital)
8.
Economic efficiency
of
cooperative
enterprises
(Economic
efficiency
of
the
cooperative
enterprise)
9.
Voluntary
association
(association
Valuntarily)
10.
Freedom
in
decision-making and goal-setting
(Autonomy
in
the
goal
setting and
decision
making)
11.
Distributor
will
be fair
and
equitable
economic
outcomes (fair
and
just distribution
of
economic
result)
12. Education
member
(Member
Education)
2.
According to the principles of Rochdale ( Rochdale
Equitable Pioneer 's ) Rochdale
cooperative principles according to the form and nature of the original
1.
Democratic oversight ( Democratic
Control )
2.
Membership is open ( open
membership )
3.
Interest on capital is limited (a
fixed or limited interest on capital )
4.
Distribution of net income ( SHU
) to members proportionate to the services of each member ( The distribution of
surplus in dividends to the members in proportion to their purchases )
5.
Entirely with cash sales (
Trading strictly on a cash basis)
6.
The goods sold must be genuine
and not faked ( Selling only pure and Unadulterated goods)
7. Neutral
to politics and religion (Political and religious neutrality )
Rochdale cooperative principles are
then the foundation of cooperative work :
1.
Purchase of goods for cash
2.
Selling price equal to the price
of local market
3.
Good quality stuff , scales and
correct size
4.
Payment of interest on capital is
limited
5.
Profits divided by the number of
purchases
6.
Part of the profits are used to
reserve funds for education , and the social fund
7. Membership
is open to the public , neutral on religion and politics
3.
Principle according to Raiffeisen
Raiffeisen principles are as follows:
Raiffeisen principles are as follows:
1.
Self-help
2.
Limited working
area
3.
SHU for
backup
4.
Responsibility
is
not limited to members
5.
Administrators
to
work on a voluntary
basis
6.
Effort
only
to
members
7.
Membership
on
the basis of character,
not
money
To the capital of Raiffeisen cultivate the owners of capital with very low interest. Grounding and ways of working adopted by FW Raiffeisen is:
a.
Farmers
accustomed
to
saving
b.
Lack of oversight of
the
use of credit
c.
Membership
is
restricted to be
between
members can
get
to know each other
and
can
work
together well
d.
Management
by
the members
and
not
be
rewarded
e. net
profits
belong
together
Credit union operatives and Rural Basnk which became known as the Raiffeisen Bank.
Credit union operatives and Rural Basnk which became known as the Raiffeisen Bank.
4.
Principle according to Schulze
To establish credit unions or Bank Savings Credit is the way:
To establish credit unions or Bank Savings Credit is the way:
1.
Buy shares
to
become
a member
2.
Raise capital
from
the junction
that
would give
her
money as
capital
3.
Limit for
short
term loans
4.
Establish
work
areas in urban
5.
Hire the
managers
6.
Divide the
profits
to
members
Herman Schulze developed suburban areas (urban). Herman Schulze core principles are as follows:
1. Self-help
2.
SHU for
cadanan
and
for
distribution to members
3.
The responsibility of
members
is
limited
4.
Administrators
work
with
get
rewarded
5. Not
limited
effort
not
only
to
members
5.
According to the principle of ICA ( International
Cooperative allience )
ICA (
International Cooperative Alliance ) established in 1895 is the highest
organization of the cooperative movement in the world,
In Chapter IV of Act NO . 12, 1967 to discuss the principle of joint and cooperative basis, where it was said that the cooperative principle is familial and cooperativeness, whereas in a joint cooperative basis of which the voluntary membership included, distribution of net income is set according to each member, interest on capital restrictions and so on, which all this by ICA categorized as Cooperative Principles.
ICA Session in 1966 formulated the principles of cooperation, broken down as follows:
In Chapter IV of Act NO . 12, 1967 to discuss the principle of joint and cooperative basis, where it was said that the cooperative principle is familial and cooperativeness, whereas in a joint cooperative basis of which the voluntary membership included, distribution of net income is set according to each member, interest on capital restrictions and so on, which all this by ICA categorized as Cooperative Principles.
ICA Session in 1966 formulated the principles of cooperation, broken down as follows:
v Membership
cooperative openly without any restrictions made-up ( Open and voluntarily
membership)
v Leadership
that democracy on the basis of one person one vote ( Democratic control - one
member one vote )
v Capital
received bunag limited , and even then if there is ( Limited interest of
capital )
v SHU
divided into three :
1 ) Most of the backup
2 ) Most of the people
3 ) Some to be distributed back to the members in accordance with their respective services
1 ) Most of the backup
2 ) Most of the people
3 ) Some to be distributed back to the members in accordance with their respective services
v All
cooperatives must implement continuous education ( Promotion of Education )
v The
cooperative movement should carry out close cooperation , both at the regional
, national , international maupu ( Intercooperative network )
6.
Principle
according to Coady M.M
MM Coady develop
cooperative form by conducting education to people who have grown up. Formal
educational institutions that help develop the Koprasi is Coady International
Institute in Canada .
7.
Cooperative
principles Indonesia
* According to Law 12 Yahun 1967
If seen from the history of the cooperative legislation Indonesia , since Indonesia's independence there were four laws regarding cooperatives , namely :
* According to Law 12 Yahun 1967
If seen from the history of the cooperative legislation Indonesia , since Indonesia's independence there were four laws regarding cooperatives , namely :
1)
Law . 79 Know 1958 on cooperative
societies
2)
Law . 14 of 1965
3)
Law . 12 of 1967 on the main
points of cooperatives
4) Law
. 25 of 1992 on cooperatives
Principles
or joints cooperative basis under the law No. . 12, 1967, are as follows :
1.
Its membership is voluntary and
open to any citizen of Indonesia
2.
Member Meeting is the highest
authority as a reflection of democracy in the cooperative
3.
SHU division is set according to
each member's services
4.
Interest on capital restrictions
5.
Develop the welfare of its
members in particular and society in general
6.
Businesses and ketatalaksanaannya
is open
7. Self
and self-sufficiency as a matter of
basic principle of self –confidence
*
According
to Law no.
25
of 1992
Principles of statutory No.. 1992 25 Article 5 and the current in Indonesia is the cooperative principle is as follows:
Principles of statutory No.. 1992 25 Article 5 and the current in Indonesia is the cooperative principle is as follows:
1.
Membership is voluntary
and
open
2.
The management is
done in a democratic
3.
The division of
the
balance of the (SHU)
was
fairly
comparable to the size of
the
business services of
each
of the members (the
members
share
in
the cooperative)
4.
provision of fringe benefits
to
the limited capital
5.
Self-reliance
6.
Education
cooperative
7. Cooperation
among
cooperatives
III.
Elements
of Cooperative Indonesia:
1.
Cooperatives
are
enterprises
(Business
Enterprise)
2.
Cooperatives
are
a
collection of people and
corporate
bodies or
cooperative
3.
Indonesian
Cooperatives
cooperative
work
based
on "cooperative
principles"
4.
Cooperative
Indonesia
is
"People's
Economic
Movement"
5. Indonesian
Cooperatives
"based
on the principle of kinship"
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